Japanese Dogs and Wolves in Foreign Literature

Japanese dogs have long lived alongside people in Japan. Their presence is not only recorded domestically but also appears in the writings of foreign travelers and scholars. In this article, based on the work of naturalist Yonekichi Hiraiwa, “Japanese Dogs and Wolves in Foreign Literature,” we explore how Japan’s native dogs and wolves were described from an outsider’s perspective.

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Records of Japanese Dogs – From Chinese Breeds to Court Gifts

In the 19th century, the zoologist Edward C. Ash mentioned Japanese dogs in his monumental book “Dogs: Their History and Development.” In it, Japanese dogs were described as a variety of the “Chinese dog,” with small dogs in particular valued as gifts in the court and in diplomatic exchanges.

Japanese historical records also mention the Takatoshi dogs, named after Shogun Hojo Takatoshi, who kept them during the Kamakura period. These dogs often appeared in dog fighting and as entertainment in banquets, reflecting how dogs were interwoven with the cultural life of both samurai and common people.

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Impressions of Japanese Dogs from Abroad

To foreigners, Japanese dogs were often seen as brave and loyal, yet sometimes as rough and primitive.

They served as hunting companions and guardians, but also took part in everyday life and rituals. Writings describe them as “faithful to their master, yet at times fierce,” showing the dual image of Japanese dogs in society.

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Stray and Wild Dogs

Some accounts also mention unfamiliar dogs or mountain dogs (yama-inu), referring to strays or wolves that lived outside human settlements. These were often feared by people.

An 1897 report describes wild dogs roaming in packs around Tokyo, with incidents of children being attacked. This highlighted the problem of stray dogs in Japan, leaving foreigners with an impression of dogs not only as loyal companions but also as threats to human safety.

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Between Dogs and Wolves

Japanese dogs and wolves were sometimes confused in foreign writings, yet at other times carefully distinguished. Small lapdogs were cherished as companions, while wolves and wild dogs symbolized danger.

This contrast reveals the diversity of roles dogs played in Japan — from beloved pets to feared predators.

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Conclusion – The Appeal of Japanese Dogs Through Foreign Eyes

The way Japanese dogs and wolves appeared in foreign literature reflects both admiration and fear, but above all, fascination.

Today, breeds like the Shiba Inu are beloved worldwide. Their reputation for loyalty, courage, and spirited character has deep historical roots. Looking at them through the lens of foreign observers gives us a richer appreciation of Japan’s native dogs and their unique place in history