Faults and Disqualifications in the Japanese Dog Standard: What Do They Really Mean?

Introduction

The Nihon Ken Hozonkai (NIPPO) standard is the guideline that defines the essential traits of Japan’s native dogs. It describes everything from body proportions and coat colors to temperament and expression. Within this standard, there are also strict rules regarding faults (points deducted) and disqualifications when dogs are judged in the show ring.

At first glance, these rules may appear overly harsh. But in reality, they are not about beauty contests—they are about preserving the essence of the Nihon Ken for future generations. In this article, we’ll explore what these criteria mean, why they exist, and most importantly, why they do not diminish th

e true value of your beloved companion dog.

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Faults and Disqualifications in Practice

The standard lists many possible deductions and disqualifications. Here are some representative examples.

Common Faults

• Nose color not matching the coat (for example, a reddish nose on a red-coated dog)

• Unclear coat color or markings, such as:

Gyaku-mask (逆マスク): undesired white markings running along the bridge of the nose and cheeks

Sarasa (更紗模様): conspicuous speckled markings on the legs

• Loose lips or an overly shallow stop (the angle between forehead and muzzle)

• Uneven topline or shallow chest

• Ears that are too thin, poorly inclined forward, or incorrectly shaped

All of these are considered to compromise the original impression and functional beauty of the Nihon Ken.

Disqualifications

• Traits uncharacteristic of the Nihon Ken (a dog that looks “non-Japanese”)

• Severe malocclusion (extreme overshot or undershot bite)

• Malformed short tail

• Both testicles undescended (cryptorchidism)

Disqualifications are regarded as more serious issues and are strictly defined, as they also relate to the soundness of breeding.

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Why Are These Rules Necessary?

So why does the standard impose such detailed requirements? There are three main reasons:

1. Preservation of Breed Identity

   ・The Nihon Ken are designated as a national cultural treasure. If their appearance drifts 　too far from the standard, their unique identity as Japanese dogs is lost.

   ・Faults and disqualifications act as a safeguard to maintain uniformity.

2. Health and Functional Beauty

   ・Traits like a straight back, a properly developed chest, and correct dentition are not only aesthetic—they directly impact health and performance.

   ・A shallow chest, for example, can affect stamina, while incorrect bites may lead to dental problems.

3. Fair Judging

・Dog shows are not about “the cutest dog,” but about “the dog that best represents the standard.”

・Clear criteria ensure objectivity and fairness in judging.

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A Crucial Reminder: This Does Not Define Your Dog’s Worth

It is essential to emphasize: faults and disqualifications apply only in the show ring.

For example—

• A tongue spot (shita-boku, 舌斑)

• Slightly loose lips

• A topline that curves more than ideal

These may be penalized by judges, but they do not affect a dog’s ability to live a happy, healthy life. In fact, they often become charming features that make your dog unique.

Even traits that qualify as a “disqualification” in shows simply mean, “this dog should not be bred for preservation purposes.” They do not reduce your dog’s value as a companion.

For families, affection, loyalty, and character matter far more than show standards.

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How Owners Can Benefit from Knowing the Standard

Even if you never intend to enter a show, learning about faults and disqualifications can still be useful:

As a health checklist

→ Chest depth, topline, and dental alignment can serve as practical indicators of overall 　　　 condition.

For deeper breed understanding

→ Knowing why the standard prefers dark brown eyes or triangular ears helps owners appreciate the heritage of their dog.

For connecting with preservation efforts

→ Even if you never plan to be involved in breeding, understanding the efforts to preserve the breed fosters a stronger sense of responsibility as an owner.

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Conclusion

Words like “deduction” or “disqualification” may sound harsh, but they are not meant to deny a dog’s worth. Rather, they serve as guidelines to protect the culture and health of the Nihon Ken.

Whatever traits your dog may have, they are part of its one-of-a-kind individuality. Even if something counts as a deduction in the show ring, at home it can be cherished as part of “what makes them ours.”

Learning the standard offers insight to better understand your dog and support a healthy life together. Beyond the judging criteria, let’s celebrate the spirit of the Nihon Ken in our everyday lives.